The Avestan Alphabet
| Avestan | IPA | Avestan Transcript |
|---|---|---|
| 𐬀 | /a/ | a |
| 𐬁 | /aː/ | ā |
| 𐬂 | /ɒ/ | å |
| 𐬃 | /ɒː/ | ā̊ |
| 𐬄 | /ã/ | ą |
| 𐬅 | /ãː/ | ą̇ |
| 𐬆 | /ə/ | ə |
| 𐬇 | /əː/ | ə̄ |
| 𐬈 | /e/ | e |
| 𐬉 | /eː/ | ē |
| 𐬊 | /ɔ/ | o |
| 𐬋 | /oː/ | ō |
| 𐬌 | /ɪ/ | i |
| 𐬍 | /iː/ | ī |
| 𐬎 | /ʊ/ | u |
| 𐬏 | /uː/ | ū |
| 𐬐 | /k/ | k |
| 𐬑 | /x/ | x |
| 𐬒 | /xʲ/, /ç/ | x́ |
| 𐬓 | /xʷ/ | xᵛ |
| 𐬔 | /ɡ/ | g |
| 𐬕 | /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ | ġ |
| 𐬖 | /ɣ/ | γ |
| 𐬗 | /t͡ʃ/ | c |
| 𐬘 | /d͡ʒ/ | j |
| 𐬙 | /t/ | t |
| 𐬚 | /θ/ | ϑ |
| 𐬛 | /d/ | d |
| 𐬜 | /ð/ | δ |
| 𐬝 | /t̚/ | t̰ |
| 𐬞 | /p/ | p |
| 𐬟 | /f/ | f |
| 𐬠 | /b/ | b |
| 𐬡 | /β/ | β |
| 𐬢 | /ŋ/ | ŋ |
| 𐬥 | /n/ | n |
| 𐬦 | /ɲ/ | ń |
| 𐬨 | /m/ | m |
| 𐬪 | /j/ | ẏ |
| 𐬫 | /j/ | y |
| 𐬬 | /w/ | v |
| 𐬭 | /r/ | r |
| 𐬮 | /l/ | l |
| 𐬯 | /s/ | s |
| 𐬰 | /z/ | z |
| 𐬱 | /ʃ/ | š |
| 𐬲 | /ʒ/ | ž |
| 𐬳 | /ɕ/ | š́ |
| 𐬴 | /ʂ/ | ṣ̌ |
| 𐬵 | /h/ | h |
| Avestan (Tr.) | Avestan | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a | 𐬀 | /a/ |
| ā | 𐬁 | /aː/ |
| å | 𐬂 | /ɒ/ |
| ā̊ | 𐬃 | /ɒː/ |
| ą | 𐬄 | /ã/ |
| ą̇ | 𐬅 | /ãː/ |
| ə | 𐬆 | /ə/ |
| ə̄ | 𐬇 | /əː/ |
| e | 𐬈 | /e/ |
| ē | 𐬉 | /eː/ |
| o | 𐬊 | /ɔ/ |
| ō | 𐬋 | /oː/ |
| i | 𐬌 | /ɪ/ |
| ī | 𐬍 | /iː/ |
| u | 𐬎 | /ʊ/ |
| ū | 𐬏 | /uː/ |
| k | 𐬐 | /k/ |
| x | 𐬑 | /x/ |
| x́ | 𐬒 | /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xᵛ | 𐬓 | /xʷ/ |
| g | 𐬔 | /ɡ/ |
| ġ | 𐬕 | /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| γ | 𐬖 | /ɣ/ |
| c | 𐬗 | /t͡ʃ/ |
| j | 𐬘 | /d͡ʒ/ |
| t | 𐬙 | /t/ |
| ϑ | 𐬚 | /θ/ |
| d | 𐬛 | /d/ |
| δ | 𐬜 | /ð/ |
| t̰ | 𐬝 | /t̚/ |
| p | 𐬞 | /p/ |
| f | 𐬟 | /f/ |
| b | 𐬠 | /b/ |
| β | 𐬡 | /β/ |
| ŋ | 𐬢 | /ŋ/ |
| n | 𐬥 | /n/ |
| ń | 𐬦 | /ɲ/ |
| m | 𐬨 | /m/ |
| ẏ | 𐬪 | /j/ |
| y | 𐬫 | /j/ |
| v | 𐬬 | /w/ |
| r | 𐬭 | /r/ |
| l | 𐬮 | /l/ |
| s | 𐬯 | /s/ |
| z | 𐬰 | /z/ |
| š | 𐬱 | /ʃ/ |
| ž | 𐬲 | /ʒ/ |
| š́ | 𐬳 | /ɕ/ |
| ṣ̌ | 𐬴 | /ʂ/ |
| h | 𐬵 | /h/ |
| Kurmanji | Avestan (Tr.) | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a | a, ā, å | /a/, /aː/, /ɒː/ |
| b | b | /b/ |
| c | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| ç | c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| d | d | /d/ |
| e | e, ə | /e/, /ə/ |
| ê | ē, ə̄ | /eː/, /əː/ |
| f | f | /f/ |
| g | g, ġ | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| h | h | /h/ |
| i | i | /ɪ/ |
| î | ī | /iː/ |
| j | ž | /ʒ/ |
| k | k | /k/ |
| l | l | /l/ |
| m | m | /m/ |
| n | n | /n/ |
| ng | ŋ | /ŋ/ |
| ny | ń | /ɲ/ |
| o | o, ō, ā̊ | /ɔ/, /oː/, /ɒ/ |
| p | p | /p/ |
| r | r | /r/ |
| s | s, ϑ | /s/, /θ/ |
| ş | š, š́, ṣ̌ | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| t | t, t̰ | /t/, /t̚/ |
| u | u | /ʊ/ |
| û | ū | /uː/ |
| v | v, β | /w/, /β/ |
| x | x, x́ | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xw | xᵛ | /xʷ/ |
| x / gh | γ | /ɣ/ |
| y | y, ẏ | /j/ |
| z | z, δ | /z/, /ð/ |
| Avestan (Tr.) | Kurmanji | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a, ā, ā̊ | a | /a/, /aː/, /ɒː/ |
| å | o | /ɒ/ |
| ą, ą̇ | an | /ã/, /ãː/ |
| ə, e | e | /ə/, /e/ |
| ə̄, ē | ê | /əː/, /eː/ |
| o, ō | o | /ɔ/, /oː/ |
| i | i | /ɪ/ |
| ī | î | /iː/ |
| u | u | /ʊ/ |
| ū | û | /uː/ |
| b | b | /b/ |
| c | ç | /t͡ʃ/ |
| d | d | /d/ |
| f | f | /f/ |
| g, ġ | g | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| γ | x / gh | /ɣ/ |
| h | h | /h/ |
| j | c | /d͡ʒ/ |
| k | k | /k/ |
| l | l | /l/ |
| m | m | /m/ |
| n | n | /n/ |
| ŋ | ng | /ŋ/ |
| ń | ny | /ɲ/ |
| p | p | /p/ |
| r | r | /r/ |
| s, ϑ | s | /s/, /θ/ |
| š, š́, ṣ̌ | ş | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| t, t̰ | t | /t/, /t̚/ |
| v, β | v | /w/, /β/ |
| x, x́ | x | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xᵛ | xw | /xʷ/ |
| y, ẏ | y | /j/ |
| z, δ | z | /z/, /ð/ |
| ž | j | /ʒ/ |
| Persian | Avestan (Tr.) | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | a, ā, ā̊, å | /a/, /aː/, /ɒ/, /ɒː/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t, t̰ | /t/, /t̚/ |
| ث | ϑ | /θ/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| خ | x, x́ | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ذ | δ | /ð/ |
| ر | r | /r/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | ž | /ʒ/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š, š́, ṣ̌ | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| غ | γ | /ɣ/ |
| ف | f | /f/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| گ | g, ġ | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| ل | l | /l/ |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| نگ | ŋ | /ŋ/ |
| نی | ń | /ɲ/ |
| و | v, β, ū, ō | /w/, /β/, /uː/, /oː/ |
| ه | h | /h/ |
| ی | y, ẏ, i, ī, ē | /j/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /eː/ |
| Avestan (Transcript) | Persian (Arabic) | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a, ā, ā̊, å | ا / آ | /a/, /aː/, /ɒ/, /ɒː/ |
| ą, ą̇ | ان | /ã/, /ãː/ |
| ə, e | ِ | /ə/, /e/ |
| ə̄, ē | ی | /əː/, /eː/ |
| o | ُ | /ɔ/ |
| ō | و | /oː/ |
| i, ī | ی | /ɪ/, /iː/ |
| u | ُ | /ʊ/ |
| ū | و | /uː/ |
| b | ب | /b/ |
| p | پ | /p/ |
| t, t̰ | ت | /t/, /t̚/ |
| ϑ | ث | /θ/ |
| d | د | /d/ |
| δ | ذ | /ð/ |
| c | چ | /t͡ʃ/ |
| j | ج | /d͡ʒ/ |
| x, x́ | خ | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xᵛ | خو | /xʷ/ |
| γ | غ | /ɣ/ |
| k | ک | /k/ |
| g, ġ | گ | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| f | ف | /f/ |
| s | س | /s/ |
| z | ز | /z/ |
| ž | ژ | /ʒ/ |
| š, š́, ṣ̌ | ش | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| h | ه | /h/ |
| m | م | /m/ |
| n | ن | /n/ |
| ŋ | نگ | /ŋ/ |
| ń | نی | /ɲ/ |
| r | ر | /r/ |
| l | ل | /l/ |
| v, β | و | /w/, /β/ |
| y, ẏ | ی | /j/ |
| Persian (Tl.) | Avestan (Tr.) | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a / ā | a, ā, ā̊, å | /a/, /aː/, /ɒ/, /ɒː/ |
| b | b | /b/ |
| p | p | /p/ |
| t | t, t̰ | /t/, /t̚/ |
| s | s, ϑ | /s/, /θ/ |
| j | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| č | c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| x | x, x́ | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xw | xᵛ | /xʷ/ |
| d | d | /d/ |
| z | z, δ | /z/, /ð/ |
| r | r | /r/ |
| ž | ž | /ʒ/ |
| š | š, š́, ṣ̌ | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| gh | γ | /ɣ/ |
| f | f | /f/ |
| k | k | /k/ |
| g | g, ġ | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| l | l | /l/ |
| m | m | /m/ |
| n | n | /n/ |
| ng | ŋ | /ŋ/ |
| ny | ń | /ɲ/ |
| v | v, β | /w/, /β/ |
| h | h | /h/ |
| y | y, ẏ | /j/ |
| i | i | /ɪ/ |
| ī | ī | /iː/ |
| u | u | /ʊ/ |
| ū | ū | /uː/ |
| o / ō | o, ō | /ɔ/, /oː/ |
| e | e, ə | /e/, /ə/ |
| ē | ē, ə̄ | /eː/, /əː/ |
| Avestan (Transcript) | Persian (Transliteration) | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a, ā, ā̊, å | a / ā | /a/, /aː/, /ɒ/, /ɒː/ |
| b | b | /b/ |
| p | p | /p/ |
| t, t̰ | t | /t/, /t̚/ |
| s, ϑ | s | /s/, /θ/ |
| j | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| c | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| x, x́ | x | /x/, /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| xᵛ | xw | /xʷ/ |
| d | d | /d/ |
| z, δ | z | /z/, /ð/ |
| r | r | /r/ |
| ž | ž | /ʒ/ |
| š, š́, ṣ̌ | š | /ʃ/, /ɕ/, /ʂ/ |
| γ | gh | /ɣ/ |
| f | f | /f/ |
| k | k | /k/ |
| g, ġ | g | /ɡ/, /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| l | l | /l/ |
| m | m | /m/ |
| n | n | /n/ |
| ŋ | ng | /ŋ/ |
| ń | ny | /ɲ/ |
| v, β | v | /w/, /β/ |
| h | h | /h/ |
| y, ẏ | y | /j/ |
| i | i | /ɪ/ |
| ī | ī | /iː/ |
| u | u | /ʊ/ |
| ū | ū | /uː/ |
| o, ō | o / ō | /ɔ/, /oː/ |
| e, ə | e | /e/, /ə/ |
| ē, ə̄ | ē | /eː/, /əː/ |
| Avestan | Avestan Transcript | Kurmanji | Persian (Arabic) | Persian (Translit.) | German | English | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𐬀 | a | a | ا | a | a | a | /a/ |
| 𐬁 | ā | a | آ | ā | a (lang) | ā (long a) | /aː/ |
| 𐬂 | å | o | ا / آ | â / o | offenes o | open o | /ɒ/ |
| 𐬃 | ā̊ | a | آ | ā | a (offen, lang) | open long a | /ɒː/ |
| 𐬄 | ą | an | ان | ān | nasales a | nasal a | /ã/ |
| 𐬅 | ą̇ | an | ان | ān | langes nasales a | long nasal a | /ãː/ |
| 𐬆 | ə | e | ِ | e | Schwa | schwa | /ə/ |
| 𐬇 | ə̄ | ê | ی | ē | langes Schwa | long schwa | /əː/ |
| 𐬈 | e | e | ِ | e | e | e | /e/ |
| 𐬉 | ē | ê | ی | ē | langes e | long e | /eː/ |
| 𐬊 | o | o | ُ | o | o | o | /ɔ/ |
| 𐬋 | ō | o | و | ō | langes o | long o | /oː/ |
| 𐬌 | i | i | ی | i | i | i | /ɪ/ |
| 𐬍 | ī | î | ی | ī | langes i | long i | /iː/ |
| 𐬎 | u | u | ُ | u | u | u | /ʊ/ |
| 𐬏 | ū | û | و | ū | langes u | long u | /uː/ |
| 𐬐 | k | k | ک | k | k | k | /k/ |
| 𐬑 | x | x | خ | x | ch | kh | /x/ |
| 𐬒 | x́ | x | خ | x | palatales ch | palatal kh | /xʲ/, /ç/ |
| 𐬓 | xᵛ | xw | خو | xw | labialisiertes ch | labialized kh | /xʷ/ |
| 𐬔 | g | g | گ | g | g | g | /ɡ/ |
| 𐬕 | ġ | g | گ | g | palatales g | palatal g | /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/ |
| 𐬖 | γ | x / gh | غ | gh | stimmhaftes ch | voiced gh | /ɣ/ |
| 𐬗 | c | ç | چ | č | tsch | ch | /t͡ʃ/ |
| 𐬘 | j | c | ج | j | dsch | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| 𐬵 | h | h | ه | h | h | h | /h/ |
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